Amman, G. D. 1978a. Biology, ecology, and causes of outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests. Pages 39-53 in A. A. Berryman, G. D. Amman, R. W. Stark, and D. L. Kibbie (eds.), Theory and practice of mountain pine beetle management in lodgepole pine forests. Symposium, 25-27 April, Pullman, Washington. University of Idaho, College of Forest Resources (publisher). 220 p.